Some psychologists(心理学家) maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one's muscles also participate. (76)It may be said that we think with our muscles in

第1题

Some psychologists maintain that thinking is （)。

A.not a mental process

B.more of a physical process than a mental action

C.a process that involves our entire bodies

D.a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain

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第2题

Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities. For example, psychologists are

interested in why some things make you sad, but others make you happy. They want to know why some people are shy, but others are quite talkative. They want to know why people do the thing that they do. They also test intelligence.

Psychologists deal with the mind and behavior. of people. Your mind consists of all your feelings, thoughts and ideas. It is the result of one part of the brain called the cerebrum. Your behavior. is the way you act or conduct yourself. Examples of behavior. include shouting, crying, laughing and sleeping.

Several people have been instrumental in the field of psychology. Whihelm Wundt set up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian, is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studies their reflexes(反射)and reactions. Around 1900, Sigmund Freud, stated his theory that people try to repress (control, hide) memories or thoughts that they believe were not good.

Psychologists should not be confused with psychiatrists who deal with mental illness. They are medical doctors who treat people.

This passage is mainly about ______.

A．studying the mind

B．memories and people

C．famous psychologists

D．the study of mental illness

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第3题

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half

fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

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第4题

Rae and Bruce Hostetler not only work very hard, they also relax just as well.Numerous v

acations help the couple to maintain their health and emotional wellbeingand it’s no surprise to health care professionals.

“Rest, relaxation, and stress reduction are very important for people’s wellbeing and health. This can be accomplished through daily activities, such as exercise and meditation, but vacation is an important part of this as well, ” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York. Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off.“We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing，so a rested，relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better, ” said Withers.

Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind.“The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great, ” said Francine Lederer, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management.“Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation，even if it is a 24hour timeout.” The trips could be good for their health, good for their family and good for their businesses.

The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010, and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days—but only used 14 of them. France topped the list, with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them. Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued, but that’s not always good for the individual, the family or the employer.

Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.“Without time and opportunity to do this，the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker, making it actually more difficult to shift into lessstressed states, ” Mulhern said.

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-17.According to Natasha Withers，vacations can________.

A、weaken reaction system

B、cure serious diseases

C、reduce the level of wellbeing

D、decrease the risk of heart disease

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-20.What is mainly talked about in the text？

A、Ways to relax in one’s free time.

B、The benefits of taking time off.

C、Different opinions on holidays.

D、The Hostetlers always on the go.

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第5题

Psychologists have discovered that even the most independent－minded of us will conform

Psychologists have discovered that even the most independent-minded of us will conform. to social pressure when we are with a group of people. In one classie experiment, people were showna vertical line and asked to find a line of identical length from a selection of three.

You might think that this is an absurdly easy task, and when people perform. it by themselves they do it very well. However, psychologists have discovered that we are very easily swayed by the opinions of other people when we do this task in a group. In one study, a group of three people was set up,where two of the people were confederates(同伙 )of the experimenter.When the confederates deliberately gave wrong answers,people were often swayed to give the wrong answer also. In fact, 75% of people gave at least o ne wrong answer, with some people conforming to peer pressure on every occasion.

But why do people conform. in this way？ In an easy task like this, it seems that people do not want to step out of line with the prevailing opinion of the group. On more difficult tasks, people also conform. because they lose onfidence in their own ability to make decisions and prefer to trust the majority opinion instead.

A typical example of this kind of conformity arises when we come across people in distress. Would you help a woman who has been attacked in the street？It turns out that you are much more likely to go to her assistance if you are alone.When other people are also around,a diffusion of responsibility occurs. People are paralysed into inaction, because everyone assumes that someone else will go to the woman' s assistance.

25. In Paragraph 1, the underlined word "conform" probably means“ ()”.

A.seek independence

B.disobey orders

C.seek pleasure

D.follow what others do

26.What is the purpose of the experiment described in Paragraph 2？ To().

A.explain why people would be influenced by the opinions of others

B.prove that people are easily influenced by the opinions of others

C.train the confederates of the experimenter as independent-minded

D.describe how people would be influenced by the opinions of others

27.In the last paragraph, according to the author,why wouldn’t one help the woman ？He().

A.thinks he has no responsibilities to give a hand

B.thinks he has has nothing to do with it

C.is too shy to give his helping hand

D.thinks someone else will offer assistance

28.What method does the author mainly use to develop the text？ (

A.Giving examples.

B.Cause-effect analysis.

C.Comparative analysis.

D.Process analysis.

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第6题

Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. In a family where the

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent，notions of superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality，and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home，the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of sexes”.

If the process goes too far and man's role is regarded as less important-and that has happened in some cases-we are as badly off as before. only in reverse. It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism” -but we don't want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism” . What we need，rather，is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists，psychologists，social workers，and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credits-nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is in the home. We are beginning，however，to analyze man's place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child. The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules，because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences，whether it wears skirts or trousers，and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent(与……有关)not only to a healthy family but also to a healthy democracy.

Sharing tasks and decisions in a family leads to______.

A. monism

B. neo-popism

C. inequality

D. further sharing

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第7题

Patients can差（) the attending doctor in the network hospital to make an appointment

A.instruction

B.decision

C.psychologists

D.standardize

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第8题

Psychiatrists，psychologists，social workers and specialists on the family______. A. are pay

Psychiatrists，psychologists，social workers and specialists on the family______.

A. are paying increased attention to man's place in the home

B. suggest that we exchange “Momism” for a “neo-popism”

C. women should receive all the credits and blames

D. men should receive all the credits and blames

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第9题

Who most probably knows best how to describe people’s personality.（）.

A.The ancient Greek audience

B.The movie actors

C.Psychologists

D.The modernT V audience

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第10题

Memory is the ability to keep track of things that have happened in the past. Memory reall

y is learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.

Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a "memory trace (记忆痕) ". What makes up this trace is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories. For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.

Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means to find out bow a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as measure of how much a person has remembered.

One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer is correct is rewarding.

We can learn from the 2nd paragraph that ______.

A．bad memories may cause rats to fear the dark

B．it is hard to tell what a memory trace consists of

C．chemical substances carry certain memories

D．memory is stored in the brain as a substance

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Some psychologists（心理学家) maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed