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Between labor and play______（stand)work.
Between labor and play______(stand)work.
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Between labor and play______(stand)work.
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更多“Between labor and play______（s…”相关的问题
A.cooking … eating
B.a cooking … an eating
C.the cooking … the eating
D.cook…eat
Why do women earn less than men do？ Are the differences explained by the fact that women are looked down upon？ If so, the government has to intervene (干预), to force the employers to pay equal wages to equal jobs. However, there is no agreement among economists about the causes of the gap. One view argues that women on the average have chosen low-paid jobs in which workers enjoy the freedom of entering and leaving the labor force, which reduces their years of experience relative to men. Other people say the gap can also be explained by the difference in educational background.
Much of the gap, however, has not been fully explained. It might be the result of some prejudice (偏见) against women. It is this part that has produced calls for government action. What would happen if the government did intervene to increase the wages paid to women？ One possibility is that in comes for women as a group might actually decline (下降). An increase in wage decreases the quantity of labor imput demanded, resulting in decreased employment as the rate of hiring new workers declines The result will be a surplus (过剩) of labor. Those who can find jobs might be better off while those who had jobs might find themselves out of work.
The difference in labor incomes is most obvious between ______.
A．young men and young women
B．young women in the same industry
C．middle-aged men and middle-aged women
D．middle-aged women in the same industry
Progressives tried to resolve these problems by organizing ideas and actions around three basic themes. First, they sought to end abuses of power. Second, progressives aimed to replace corrupt power with the power of reformed institutions such as schools, charities, medical clinics, and the family. Third, progressives wanted to apply principles of science and efficiency on a nationwide scale to all economic, social, and political institutions, to minimize social and economic disorder and to establish cooperation, especially, between business and government, that would end wasteful competition and labor conflict.
Befitting their name, progressives had strong faith in the ability of humankind to create a better world. More than ever before, Americans looked to government as an agent of the people that could and should intervene in social and economic relations to protect the common good and substitute public interest for self-interest.
The passage is primarily concerned with ______.
A．the reasons for the Progressive Movement
B．the problems that American society faced between the 1890s and the end of World War I
C．the causes and contents of the Progressive reform
D．the belief that Americans possessed in their society
在索洛维亚这个经济中，资本所有者得到了
a．索洛维亚的男人留在家里从事家务劳动，而妇女在工厂干活。如果一些男人开始走出家门去工作，以至劳动力增加了5%，这个经济可衡量的产出会发生什么变动？劳动生产率——定义为每个工人的产出——是提高了，下降了，还是保持不变？全要素增长率提高了，下降了。还是保持不变？
b．在第1年，资本存量为6，劳动投入为3，产出为12。在第2年，资本存量为7，劳动投入为4，产出为14。在这两年之间，全要素生产率发生了什么变动？
In the economy of Solovia, the owners of capital get two-thirds of national income, and the workers receive one-third.
a．The men of Solovia stay at home performing household chores, while the women work in factories. If some of the men started working outside the home so that the labor force increased by 5 percent, what would happen to the measured output of the economy？ Does labor productivity-defined as output per worker-increase, decrease, or stay the same？ Does total factor productivity increase, decrease, or stay the same？
b．In year 1, the capital stock was 6, the labor input was 3, and output was 12. In year 2, the capital stock was 7, the labor input was 4, and output was 14. What happened to total factor productivity between the two years？
Text 1
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may c
hange in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the i
ndividual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age
loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as ri
ghts; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal pro
visions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
41. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
However there is another important part of the jobs picture that was targely ovedookcd. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000（4,4 percent）above its year ago level.
Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(9 percent)from its year ago level.
We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes."they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only elassified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.
The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare becanse one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.
However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.
36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected？
A.The prospect of a thriving job market.
B.The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.
C.The possibility of full employment.
D.The acceleration of job creation.
Many people work part-time because they___________________A.prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs
B.feel that is enough to make ends meet
C.cannot get their hands on full-time jobs
D.haven' t seen the weakness of the market
The text mainly discusses___________________.A.employment in the US
B.part-timer classification
C.insurance through Medicaid
D.Obamacare's trouble
Involuntary part-time employment in the US___________________A.is harder to acquire than one year ago
B.shows a general tendency of decline
C.satisfies the real need of the jobless
D.is lower than before the recession
It can be learned that with Obamacare,___________________ . A.it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance
B.employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance
C.it is still challenging to get insurance for family members
D.full-time employment is still essential for insurance
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complicated. Generally speaking, the Account Department is responsible for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to adopt a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a method of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be successful, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.
In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of those requirements is given a value, generally in "points", which are added together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their ability to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without reference to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should compare the value of each job with those in the job market. It should also consider economic factors such as the cost of living and the labor supply.
It is necessary that payment for a job should vary with any distinctions in the way that job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the work done with the hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for indirect workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.
If a company wants its new pay structure to be successful, it is necessary to______.
A．give the workers extra pay to encourage them
B．share the same opinion between the Trade Union and the employers
C．consult some problems associated with pay
D．adopt a special way to evaluate the performance of its employees
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Movie directors sometimes shoot two endings to a film, undecided about which to use until the very last minute. In the Casablanca everyone knows, Ingrid Bergman leaves Humphrey Bogart, but in another ending Bogart got the girl.
In some ways, it feels like we're in the middle of a movie made by some deranged(疯狂的) economist, and we don't know yet if we're going to get the happy ending or the sad one. Does the rise of China and India supercharge(提高) global growth, or will all the new competition pull down wages in the industrialized world？ Is this period going to be titled The Bright Dawn or The Big Squeeze？
Certainly for workers in the industrialized world, the latest Signs are troubling. Profits seem to be outpacing wages just about everywhere. As a result, from Japan to the US to Europe, labor is getting a smaller share of the economic pie. The numbers are pretty straightforward: In Japan, the share of national income going to workers dropped from 53.1% in 2001 to 51.1% in the year ending with the first quarter of 2005. In the U.S., the employee share of gross domestic income dropped from 58% to 56.8%. In Western Europe, workers' share of national income dropped from 51.7% in 2001 to 50.5% at the end of 2004, before bouncing up a bit in the latest quarter.
An obvious—and pessimistic—explanation for this broad decline is the intensification of global competition, forcing formerly privileged workers in advanced countries to accept a lower standard of living. Harvard economist Richard Freeman has argued that the entry of China, India, and the former Soviet countries into the global economy has effectively doubled the size of the world's workforce. As a result, labor is relatively abundant, capital is relatively scarce, the returns to labor go down, and the returns to capital go up.
"Having twice as many workers and newly the same amount of capital places great pressure on labor markets throughout the world," writes Freeman. That shifts the balance of power in markets toward capital, as more workers compete for working that capital.
This is the unhappy ending to the global economy story. However, the numbers are also consistent with another, much more upbeat(乐观的) ending. It could be that corporate restructuring efforts in Japan and Europe are finally taking hold, leading to higher profits and faster productivity growth, even as US companies continue their efforts to boost efficiency; And it could be that there's just a lag before the productivity gains get passed on to workers in the form. of higher wages.
So, will we get the happy ending or the sad ending？ There's no way of telling yet—but hey, what fun is a movie with a predictable ending？
Similar to the story in the movie Casablanca, the world economy______.
A．is experiencing dramatic changes
B．is set in complicated political factors
C．involves fierce competition between different parties
D．is developing into two possible opposite directions
(1) Life can be tough for immigrants in America. As a Romanian bank clerk in Atlanta puts it, to find a good job “you have to be like a wolf in the forest – able to smell out the best meat.” And if you can’t find work, don’t expect the taxpayer to bail you out. Unlike in some European countries, it is extremely hard for an able-bodied immigrant to live off the state. A law passed in 1996 explicitly bars most immigrants, even those with legal status, from receiving almost any federal benefits. (2) That is one reason why America absorbs immigrants better than any other rich countries, according to a new study by the University of California. The researchers sought to measure the effect of immigration on the native-born in 20 rich countries, taking into account differences in skills between immigrants and natives, imperfect labor markets and the size of the welfare state in each country. (3) Their results offer ammunition for fans of more open borders. In 19 out of 20 countries, the authors calculated that shutting the doors entirely to foreign workers would make the native-born worse off. Never mind what it would do to the immigrants themselves, who benefit far more than anyone else from being allowed to cross borders to find work. (4) The study also suggests that most countries could handle more immigration than they currently allow. In America, a one-percentage point increase in the proportion of immigrants in the population made the native-born 0.05% better off. The opposite was true in some countries with generous or ill-designed welfare states, however. A one-point rise in immigration made the native-born slightly worse off in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. In Belgium, immigrants who lose jobs can receive almost two-thirds of their most recent wage in state benefits, which must make the hunt for a new job less urgent. (5) None of these effects was large, but the study undermines the claim that immigrants steal jobs from native or drag down their wages. Many immigrants take jobs that Americans do not want, the study finds. This “smooths” the labor market and ultimately creates more jobs for locals. Native-owned grocery stores do better business because there are immigrants to pick the fruit they sell. Indian computer scientists help American software firms expand. A previous study found that because immigrants typically earn less than locals with similar skills, they boost corporate profits, prompting companies to grow and hire more locals. 1. Increase in immigration in Austria fails to improve locals’ life mainly because of ________.
A、low wages for locals
B、imperfect labor markets
C、the design of the welfare system
D、inadequate skills of immigrants
What jobs have typically been held by women？
A．Jobs as doctors and lawyers.
B．Jobs in service industries.
C．Jobs in areas without sex discrimination.
D．Jobs in areas where women are respected.
