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The first European stock exchange was established in Antwerp, Belgium（比利时) , in 1531. T

The first European stock exchange was established in Antwerp, Belgium(比利时) , in 1531. There were no stock exchanges in England until the 1700' s. A man wishing to buy or sell shares of stock had to find a broker(agents) to transact his business for him. In London, he usually went to a coffee house, because brokers often gathered there. In 1773, the brokers of London formed a stock exchange.

In New York City, brokers met under an old button-wood tree on Wall Street. They organized the New York Stock Exchange in 1792. The American Stock Exchange, second largest in the United States, was formerly called the Curb Exchange because of its origin on the streets of New York City.

A stock exchange is a market place where member brokers buy and sell stocks and bonds (债券) of American and foreign businesses on behalf of the public. A stock exchange provides a market place for stocks and bonds in the same way a board of trade does for commodities. The stockbrokers receive a small commission on each transaction they make.

The stockholder may sell his stock wherever he wants to unless the corporation has some special rule to prevent it. Prices of stock change according to general business conditions and the earnings and future prospects(前景) of the company. If the business is doing well, the stockholder may be able to sell his stock for a profit. If it is not, he may have to take a loss.

In the 1600's, if a man wanted to buy or sell shares of stock, he had to do it through ______.

A．the government

B．himself

C．a broker

D．the stock exchange

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第1题

The US dollar reached an all-time low against the euro yesterday for the fourth straight d

ay, briefly pushing the European currency above $1.33 before recovering slightly, amid concerns about the twin US deficits and the lack of any central bank action to stop the dollar's decline.

The dollar also dipped to a nearly five-year low against the yen, but later regained ground.

Yesterday, the euro rose to $1.3329 in early trading before dipping back to $1.3290 later in New York. The euro topped $1.32 for the first time the day before in European trading. US markets were closed Thursday for the Thanksgiving holiday.

The dollar also traded near its lowest levels since December 1999 against the Japanese yen yesterday, slipping to 102.56 yen, down from 102.81 late Wednesday in New York.

One reason the euro has kept rising is a lack of concerted action by central banks to support the dollar by selling holdings of the other major currencies.

"$1.35 is definitely on the cards now, as for how soon we'll get there, I'm not sure," said Riz Din, a currency analyst with Barclay's Capital in London.

"It increasingly looks as if, despite weaker data in the euro area, the prospects for intervention, are very, very low at current rates."

The latest dollar collapse, fueled by concerns over the US trade and budget deficits, has taken the euro from around $1.20 about two months ago.

Because the euro's rise tends to make European products more expensive, European leaders have voiced fears that it might hurt the continent's export-driven economic recovery. The European Central Bank's president has called the rapid increase "brutal".

But the dollar's weakness is good news for US exporters, helping make American products less expensive overseas.

Commerzbank economist Michael Schubert said speculation against the dollar was making its slide "a bit faster than I had expected".

"Obviously, it's difficult to stop the train," Mr. Schubert said in Frankfurt. A combination of intervention by central banks and positive US economic data could apply the brakes, he added.

Economists say the European Central Bank (ECB) is wary of intervening in the currency markets on its own and the United States Would be unlikely to join in such a move.

According to the text, the dollar

A．has reached its lowest level against euro yesterday.

B．was lower than euro in the past four continuous days.

C．is still staying in a worse position than the yen.

D．kept failing despite the central bank's adoption of active measures.

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第2题

听力原文：One winter day in 1891, a class at the training school in Massachusetts, USA, wen

听力原文： One winter day in 1891, a class at the training school in Massachusetts, USA, went into the gym for their daily exercises. Since the football season had ended, most of the young man felt they were in for a boring time. But their teacher James Nasmyth had other ideas. He had been working for a long time on a new game that would have the excitement of American football. Nasmyth showed the men a basket he had hung at each end of the gym and explained that they were going to use around European football At first, everybody try to throw ball into the basket no matter where he was standing .Pass ! Pass! Nasmyth kept shouting, blowing his whistle to stop the excited players. Slowly, they began to understand what was wanted of them. The problem with the new game, which was soon called basketball, was getting the ball out of the basket. They used ordinary fruit baskets with bottoms, and the ball, of course, stayed inside. At first, someone had to clime up every time a basket was scored. It was several years before someone came up with the idea of removing the bottom of the basket and letting the ball fall through. There have been many changes in the rules since then and basketball has become one of the world's most popular sports.

(30)

A．He took them to watch a basketball game.

B．He trained them to play European football.

C．He let them compete in getting balls out of a basket.

D．He taught them to play an exciting new game.

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第3题

The first European settlement on the continent began in（).

A.1901

B.1788

C.1770

D.1787

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第4题

North American people didn't eat tomatoes at first because______.A．they had too much other

North American people didn't eat tomatoes at first because______.

A．they had too much other food

B．they mistakenly thought they were poisonous

C．settlers ate only traditional European foods

D．no one liked the taste

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第5题

The Ebro Delta, in Spain, famous as a battleground during the Spanish Civil War, is now th

e setting for a different contest, one that is pitting rice farmers against two enemies: the rice-eating giant apple snail, and rising sea levels. What happens here will have a bearing on the future of European rice production and the overall health of southern European wetlands.

Located on the Mediterranean just two hours south of Barcelona, the Ebro Delta produces 120 million kilograms of rice a year, making it one of the continent’s most important rice-growing areas. As the sea creeps into these fresh-water marshes, however, rising salinity(盐分)is hampering rice production. At the same time, this sea-water also kills off the greedy giant apple snail, an introduced pest that feeds on young rice plants. The most promising strategy has become to harness one foe against the other.

The battle is currently being waged on land, in greenhouses at the University of Barcelona. Scientists working under the banner “Project Neurice” are seeking varieties of rice that can withstand the increasing salinity without losing the absorbency that makes European rice ideal for traditional Spanish and Italian dishes.

“The project has two sides,” says Xavier Serrat, Neurice project manager and researcher at the University of Barcelona. “the short-term fight against the snail, and a mid- to long-term fight against climate change. But the snail has given the project greater urgency.”

Originally from South America, the snails were accidentally introduced into the Ebro Delta by Global Aquatic Tecnologies, a company that raised the snails for fresh-water aquariums(水族馆), but failed to prevent their escape. For now, the giant apple snail’s presence in Europe is limited to the Ebro Delta. But the snail continues its march to new territory, says Serrat. “The question is not if it will reach other rice-growing areas of Europe, but when.”

Over the next year and a half investigators will test the various strains of salt-tolerant rice they’ve bred. In 2018, farmers will plant the varieties with the most promise in the Ebro Delta and Europe’s other two main rice-growing regions—along the Po in Italy, and France’s Rh？ne. A season in the field will help determine which, if any, of the varieties are ready for commercialization.

As an EU-funded effort, the search for salt-tolerant varieties of rice is taking place in all three countries. Each team is crossbreeding a local European short-grain rice with a long-grain Asian variety that carries the salt-resistant gene. The scientists are breeding successive generations to arrive at varieties that incorporate salt tolerance but retain about 97 percent of the European rice genome(基因组). Why does the author mention the Spanish Civil War at the beginning of the passage？

A.It had great impact on the life of Spanish rice farmers.

B.It is of great significance in the records of Spanish history.

C.Rice farmers in the Ebro Delta are waging a battle of similar importance.

D.Rice farmers in the Ebro Delta are experiencing as hard a time as in the war.

What may be the most effective strategy for rice farmers to employ in fighting their enemies？A.Striking the weaker enemy first

B.Killing two birds with one stone

C.Eliminating the enemy one by one

D.Using one evil to combat the other

What do we learn about “Project Neurice”？A.Its goals will have to be realized at a cost.

B.It aims to increase the yield of Spanish rice.

C.Its immediate priority is to bring the pest under control.

D.It tries to kill the snails with the help of climate change.

What does Neurice project manager say about the giant apple snail？A.It can survive only on southern European wetlands.

B.It will invade other rice-growing regions of Europe.

C.It multiplies at a speed beyond human imagination.

D.It was introduced into the rice fields on purpose.

What is the ultimate goal of the EU-funded program？A.Cultivating ideal salt-resistant rice varieties.

B.Increasing the absorbency of the Spanish rice.

C.Introducing Spanish rice to the rest of Europe.

D.Popularizing the rice crossbreeding technology.

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第6题

Maria Mitchell（1818-1889,the first woman astronomer（天文学家)in the United States, was b

Maria Mitchell(1818-1889,the first woman astronomer(天文学家)in the United States, was born in Nantucket. Massachusetts. Her parents valued education and insisted on giving her the same quality of education that boys received.

Her father. William Mitchell, was an astronomer and teacher himself. When he built his own school, Maria became a student and also a teaching assistant to him. At home. Marias father taught her to watch the stars and other natural objects in space using his personal telescope(望远镜).

Later she went to work at the library of the Nantucket Atheneum. Over the next tweny years. she further developed her interest in reading as many books as she could.She spent her nights watching the sky closely with her father.

On October 1, 1847,Maria discovered a comet(彗星 )by merely using a two-inch telescope. Some years before, King Frederick VI of Denmark had set up prizes to each discover of a"telescopic comet". The prize was to be given to the"first discoverer"of each such comet because comets were often discovered by more than one person.

There was once a question of who should be the winner. As the story goes, francesco de Vico had discovered the same comet two days later, but had reported it to the European vor. She won the prize in 1848 and became a big name the world over. The comet was named“ Miss mitchell&39;s Comet.”

What ean be learnt about Marias parents according to the text？

A.They came from low-income families.

B.They gave Maria equal chance for education

C.They were both astronomers

D.They were both teachers.

When did Franeeseo de Vico discover the comet？A.In1818

B.In1889

C.In1848

D.In1847

What problem did Maria meet with in winning the prize？A.She named the comet on her own

B.She did not use the required telescope.

C.She did not report her discovery in time

D.She discovered the comet with her father

Whe played the most important role in Maria's great achievement？A.King FrederickⅥ

B.Francesco de Vico

C.Her father

D.Her mother

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第7题

In sport the sexes are separate. （76) Women and men do not run or swim in the same races.

In sport the sexes are separate. (76) Women and men do not run or swim in the same races. Women are less strong than men. That at least is what people say. Women are called "the weaker sex" ,or, if men want to please them, "the fair sex". But boys and girls are taught together at schools and universities. There are women who are famous Prime Ministers, scientists and writers. And women live longer than men. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68. Are women' s bodies really weaker7

The fastest men can run a mile in 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes. Women' s speeds are always slower than men' s, but some facts are surpising. Some of the fastest women swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2 seconds when she was only 16. The first "Tarzan" in films was an Olympic swimmer, Johnny Weissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 59.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slower than a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions are very different now, and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletes are given hormone(荷尔蒙) injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether the women athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problem. Life can be very complicated when there are two separate sexes !

Women are called "the weaker sex" because______.

A．women do as much work as men

B．people think women are weaker than men

C．sport is easier for men than for women

D．in sport the two sexes are always together

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第8题

•Read the following article about career development and the questions on the opposi

te page．

•For each question 15-20，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose．

How to get to the top

Marketing used to be the route to the chief executive's chair，but the world has changed．Now，says Monika Hamori．professor of human resources at Instituto de Empresa in Madrid，it is finance chiefs who are most likely to get the top job，though experience in opera-tions-running parts of the companyis also essential．CFO Magazine found in 2005 that onefifth of chief ex-ecutives in America were former chief financiaI officers，almost double the share of a decade earlier．The importance of quarterly financial reporting，and closer scrutiny since the imposition of the Sarbanesoxley corporategovernance act，have put CFOs in the limelightand given them the chance to shine．

Another factor in reaching the top is whether you stay with the company you joined as a youngster．Ms．Hamori's research looked at companies in the S&P 500 and the FTSEurofirst 300．She finds that‘lifers’get to the top in 22 years in America and 24 years in Europe：‘Hoppers’who jump between four or more companies，by contrast，take at least 26 years on average to become chief executives．Insiders get promotions that reflect their potential，because their bosses have enough information to be reasonably confident about their ability．When executives switch from one company to another，however，they tend to move less far up the hierarchy，the researchers found．

The time taken to reach the top is falling．The average time from first job to chief executive fell from 28 years in 1980 to 24 in 2001．Successful executives are spending less time than they used to in each intermediate joban average of four yearsand they fill five posts on the way up．down from six．One reason for this acceleration is that company hierarchies are flatter than they used to be．Another important shift is the advent of female chief executives． 1n 2001 women accounted for 11%of bosses at leading American companies．ac-cording to the Hamori/Cappelli survey；in the early 1980s there were none．

America is usually regarded as the home of raw capitalism．with youthful managers hopping from firm to firm and pushing their way to the top．But the HamorL/Cappelli study and another by Booz & Company，a consultancy，show that Europe is a more dynamic and harsher environ-menl than America or Japan for chief executives．For a start，European chief executives are younger，with an average age of 54．compared with over 56 in America．The Hamor/Cappelli study shows that 26%of American bos-ses were lifers，compared with only 18%in Europe．

The Europeans also have a harder time once they get to the top.Booz ＆ Company's annual survey of chiefexecutive succession shows that 17.6%of European bosses moved on last year．compared with 15%of Americans and 10%of Japanese．Chief executives．the survey found，last longer in America：the average tenure over the past decade was just over nine years．But in Europe the average tenure over the same period was less than seven years．

Moreover．a whopping 37%of changes at the top in Europe were more or less firings，according to Booz，compared with only 27%in America and 12%in Japan．Booz puts this down to the more recent tightening of corporate governance in Europe,Another Booz finding is common to both sides of the Atlantic：looking back over recent years，board disputes and power struggles lie behind a third of chiefexecutive firings．In short，shareholder activism is making its presence felt，putting pressure on bosses to perform．

What is true according to the first paragraph？

A．CFOs'hard work leads to their increasing chances of promotion．

B．CFOs usually have no experience in management．

C．Marketing directors no longer have the chance to get a top position．

D．Chief executives used to be promoted mainly from the marketing department．

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第9题

Not to Expect Profits Soon from Euro Disney The Euro Disney Corporation, acknowledging that its ela

Not to Expect Profits Soon from Euro Disney

The Euro Disney Corporation, acknowledging that its elaborate theme park had not performed as strongly as expected, announced Thursday that it would sustain a net financial loss of unpredictable scale in its first financial year.

At the time of the April opening of the park, which stands on a 4,800-acre site 32 kilometers (20 miles) east of Paris, Euro Disney officials said they expected to make a small profit for the financial year ending September 30． But since then the park has been hit by a number of problems.

"We were geared up for a very high level of operations," John Forsgren, the company's chief financial officer said in a telephone interview. "It has been very strong, but not as strong as we geared up for."

"While attendance is very strong," he said, "our cost levels do require adjustment for the current revenue level."

The parent company, Walt Disney Corporation, said Thursday that its income rose 33 percent in the quarter. But it warned investors against expecting profits soon from Euro Disney, of which it owns 49 percent.

Euro Disney said that although attendance levels had been high, "the company anticipates that it will sustain a net loss for the financial year ending September 30, 1992". It added that "the amount of the loss will depend on attendance and hotel use rates achieved during the remaining portion of the critical European summer vacation period". The announcement amounted to an extraordinary reversal for Euro Disney, which opened amid immense celebration and widespread predictions of immediate success.

At the time of the opening, on April 12, the company's shares were trading at 140.90 francs ($28.07), and had been as high as 170 francs earlier in the year. They dropped 2.75 percent Thursday to close at 97.25 francs. Mr. Forsgren said he thought the market had "reacted a bit emotionally to preliminary information". He added, "By all objective standards the park is very successful. The long-term acceptance is strong, the rest is just details."

The company said that 3.6 million people had visited the park from April 12 to July 22, a performance superior to that of comparable start-up periods at other Disney theme parks. But it warned that, given the likely strong seasonal variation in attendance, it was not possible to predict future attendance or profits.

Reacting to the announcement, stock market expert Paribas Capital Markets Group issued a "sell" recommendation on Euro Disney stock, saying that attendance levels for the period were 15 percent below its expectations and profit from sales of food and other goods was 10 percent below. It predicted that the company would lose 300 million francs in the current financial year and continue losing money for two more years.

The main problem confronting Euro Disney appears to be managing its costs and finding an appropriate price level for its over 5,000 hotel rooms. Clearly, costs have been geared to a revenue level that has not been achieved, and the company is beginning to drop hotel prices that have been widely described as excessive.

Mr. Forsgren said the number of staff, now at 17,000, would "come down significantly in the next two months, mainly through the loss of seasonal employees". Of the current staff, 5,000 are employed on a temporary basis, he said.

He also acknowledged that the lowest-priced rooms at the resort had been cut to 550 francs ($110) from 750 francs at the time of the opening, and that some rooms were being offered at 400 francs for the winter season. Analysts believe hotel use has been running at about 68 percent of capacity, although it is currently over 90 percent.

"The key issue is costs, " said one financial expert. "They have no idea what their winter attendance levels will be and they're battling to get costs to an appropriate level. The stock's still too expensive, but I think in the long term they'll get it right."

Still, huge doubt hangs over the company's plans to keep the theme park open through the cold European winter—something no other theme park in Europe has ever attempted. Last month, the company said it was having difficulty attracting people from the Paris region. Mr. Forsgren said that French attendance was improving and accounted for 1 million of the 3.6 million visitors, with most of the rest coming from Britain and Germany. Only 1 percent of visitors have been American.

For its third quarter ending June 30, the first in which the park had been operating, the company announced revenues of 2.47 billion francs ($492 million), but gave no profit or loss figures in line with the French practice of only giving such figures at year's end. In the first half, the company earned 75 million francs, mainly from investment income and sale of construction rights on its site.

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第10题

（阅读选择）Bessie Coleman－－ Bessie was born in Atlanta, Texas in 1893

Bessie Coleman

Bessie was born in Atlanta, Texas in 1893. Her father was an Indian and her mother an African American. Her father left the family when she was seven. At such a young age, Bessie picked cotton. She also took on extra washing and ironing to help her mother meet family expenses.

After finishing high school, Bessie went to Chicago to stay with a younger brother. She became interested in aviation (飞行) shortly after World War I. But because of her sex and color she could not enroll (注册入学) in an aviation school in the US. Later, a newspaper editor told her that the only path left open to her would be an viation school in Europe. She then made two trips to Europe. She studied under top German and French pilots, and returned to Chicago with an international pilot's license. Bessie became the only black woman pilot in the world.

Her work as a pilot took her into a field untouched by women in her day. This field was exhibition flying. In 1922, Bessie gave her first exhibition flying show. Several thousand eager fans came to see the unusual show. She went on giving air shows all over the US. She gained national attention and thousands of fans of all races. She was not discouraged by words from her family or seeing the death of a student pilot. Nor did suffering a broken leg and arm in an air crash scare her.

Letters poured in from young black people. Like Bessie, they wanted to go into the field of aviation. Long before her first exhibition, Bessie dreamed of setting up a flying school for blacks. Unfortunately, she died in a flight accident before her dream was realized.

11. When Bessie was seven,（）

A. she left her family

B. she helped support the family

C. her father went to Atlanta

D. her family opened a cotton farm

12. Bessie was kept out of the US aviation schools because（）

A. World War I had ended

B. she was a black woman

C. her brother didn't want her to go

D. she didn't finish her high school

13. Bessie'sexhibition flying show in 1922（）

A. was the first done by women

B. did not attract much attention

C. was helped by European pilots

D. ended in air crash

14. According to Paragraph 3, Bessie（）

A. had fans all over the world

B. got support from her family

C. was once injured in an air crash

D. was scared by a pilot's death

15. Bessie's unrealized dream was to（）

A. reduce flight accidents

B. set up her own flying team

C. involve more women in aviation

D. found a flying school for blacks

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