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The word "television" can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a complete system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstructed into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronics system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two types. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. It has been with us for about thirty- seven years in a form. similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled mostly by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major suppliers of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually not only shaped television as a source of entertainment, but placed our role in this active medium as the passive viewer.
What is the topic of the passage？
A．The role of television in today's society.
B．The marriage of broadcasting giants.
C．Recent changes in modern technology.
D．The content of broadcast television programs.
A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the part of the "losing" faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn't end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.
There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, "It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts."
The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology, the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never march.
The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it's possible to organize the experts' information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it's a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.
From the first paragraph we can learn that______.
A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street
B．very few people decide before they think
C．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so
D．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions
The world of business is one area in which technology is isolating us. Experts say, for example, that many people will soon be able to work at home. With access to a large central computer, employees such as office clerks, insurance agents, and accountants could do their jobs at display terminals in their own homes. They would never have to actually see the people they're dealing with. In addition, the way employees are paid will change. Workers' salaries will be automatically paid into their bank accounts, making paper checks unnecessary. No workers will stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks. Personal banking will change, too. Customers will deal with machines to put in or take our money from their accounts.
Another area that technology is changing is entertainment.
Music, for instance, was once a group experience. People listened to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings. For many people now, however, music is an individual experience. Walking along the street or sitting in their living rooms, they wear headphones to build a wall of music around them. Movie entertainment is changing, too. Movies used to be social events. Now, fewer people are going out to see a movie. Many more are choosing to wait for a film to appear on television or are borrowing videotapes to watch at home. Instead of laughing with others, viewers watch movies in their own living rooms.
(1)After work, Michael likes to ______.
A、listen to music at the concert hall
B、watch a movie in his living room
C、run a program on his computer in his office
D、play baseball with his workmates
(2)The sentence “Michael is imaginary, but his lifestyle. is very possible” means ______.
A、Michael is a person full of imagination and he can make his dreams come true
B、Michael is not a real person but probably the lifestyle. does exist
C、Michael has ambitions but he can't make his dreams come true
D、Michael is a person full of imagination and his lifestyle. is common nowadays
(3)In the modern world, people will
A、stand in line to receive their pay or cash their checks
B、see the people they' re dealing with
C、listen to music at concert halls or in small social gatherings
D、watch movies in their own living rooms
(4)What is the main idea of the passage？
A、We may no longer need to communicate with other human being.
B、Modern technology seems to be separating human beings.
C、We may no longer need to work in the office.
D、Modern technology makes it possible for us to work and entertain ourselves at home.
(5)What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraph？
A、Games and sports.
B、Personal banking.
C、Music and films.
D、International business.
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to （）.
A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.
C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.
D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
The effects 9f rapid travel on the body are actually far______(disturb)than we realize.
A．idea
B．thought
C．opinion
D．principle
Americans eat______as they actually need every day.
A．twice as much protein
B．twice protein as much
C．twice protein as much
D．protein as twice much
