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[主观题]

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded

. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person' s utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else' s enjoying the same good.

Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit--irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.

It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense: Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

With what topic is the passage mainly concerned？

A．Mechanisms for safer navigation.

B．The economic structure of the marketplace.

C．A specific group of commodities.

D．The advantages of lowering taxes.

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更多“Public goods are those commodi…”相关的问题

第1题

Tho public expressed____great concern about the disaster,A.theirB.hisC.itsD.our

Tho public expressed____great concern about the disaster,

A.their

B.his

C.its

D.our

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第2题

Advertising is to tell the public about the goods and services ____ are offered.

A.what

B.which

C.where

D.when

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第3题

1 Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting.In Brit

ain alone, about HK ＄ 3,000,000's worth of goods are stolen from shops every week. This amounts to something like HK ＄150 million a year, and represents about 4 per cent of the shops' total stock. As a result of this "shrinkage" as the shops call it, the honest public has to pay higher prices.

2 Shop-lifters can be divided into three main categories: the professionals, the deliberate amateurs, and the people who just can't help themselves. The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives, who, assisted by closed circuit television, two way mirrors and various other technological devices, can usually cope with them. The professionals tend to go for high value goods in parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in any case, they account for only a small percentage of the total losses due to shop-lifting.

3 The same applies to the deliberate amateur who is, so to speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner or later, and they are dealt with severely by the courts.

4 The real problem is the person who gives way to a sudden temptation and is in all other respects an honest and law-abiding citizen. Contrary to what one would expect, this kind of

shop-lifter is rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods and cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who, because of age, sickness or plain absent-mindedness, simply forget to pay for what they take from the shops. When caught, all are liable to prosecution, and the decision whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.

5 In order to prevent the quite incredible growth in shop-lifting offences, some stores, in fact, are doing their best to separate the thieves from the confused by prohibiting customers from taking bags into the store. However, what is most worrying about the whole problem is, perhaps, that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority. It is the aircraft hijack situation in another form. Because of the possibility of one passenger in a million boarding an aircraft with a weapon, the other 999,999 passengers must subject themselves to searches and delays. Unless the situation in the shops improves, in ten years' time we may all have to subject ourselves to a body-search every time we go into a store to buy a tin of beans!

Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops？

A．There is a "shrinkage" in market values.

B．Many goods are not available.

C．Goods in many shops lack variety.

D．There are many cases of shop-lifting.

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第4题

机械试验设备包含（）

A.Vibration

B.Shock

C.THO

D.rop

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第5题

1 Every year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting.In Brit

ain alone, about HK ＄ 3,000,000's worth of goods are stolen from shops every week. This amounts to something like HK ＄150 million a year, and represents about 4 per cent of the shops' total stock. As a result of this "shrinkage" as the shops call it, the honest public has to pay higher prices.

2 Shop-lifters can be divided into three main categories: the professionals, the deliberate amateurs, and the people who just can't help themselves. The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives, who, assisted by closed circuit television, two way mirrors and various other technological devices, can usually cope with them. The professionals tend to go for high value goods in parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in any case, they account for only a small percentage of the total losses due to shop-lifting.

3 The same applies to the deliberate amateur who is, so to speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner or later, and they are dealt with severely by the courts.

4 The real problem is the person who gives way to a sudden temptation and is in all other respects an honest and law-abiding citizen. Contrary to what one would expect, this kind of

shop-lifter is rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods and cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who, because of age, sickness or plain absent-mindedness, simply forget to pay for what they take from the shops. When caught, all are liable to prosecution, and the decision whether to send for the police or not is in the hands of the store manager.

5 In order to prevent the quite incredible growth in shop-lifting offences, some stores, in fact, are doing their best to separate the thieves from the confused by prohibiting customers from taking bags into the store. However, what is most worrying about the whole problem is, perhaps, that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority. It is the aircraft hijack situation in another form. Because of the possibility of one passenger in a million boarding an aircraft with a weapon, the other 999,999 passengers must subject themselves to searches and delays. Unless the situation in the shops improves, in ten years' time we may all have to subject ourselves to a body-search every time we go into a store to buy a tin of beans!

Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops？

A．There is a "shrinkage" in market values.

B．Many goods are not available.

C．Goods in many shops lack variety.

D．There are many cases of shop-lifting.

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第6题

诱导THO细胞向Th1细胞极化的细胞因子是（）

A.IL-4

B.IFN-&gamma

C.11-12

D.TNF-&alpha

E.IL-10

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第7题

（On the whole), ambitious students （are much likely) to succeed in their studies than （tho

(On the whole), ambitious students (are much likely) to succeed in their studies than (those) (with) little ambition.

A．On the whole

B．are much likely

C．those

D．with

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第8题

Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, public services and tran

sport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to the transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16% to 17% investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimate to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of new taxes and limitation of building.

Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capital personal consumption by under 7%, as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased. Spending on furniture and household equipment, health, education and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive wealth of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation(饱和) point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets Were registered.

The author thinks that the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption was "undesirable" because______.

A．people saved less

B．people were wealthy

C．people consumed less

D．expenditures on luxuries in creased

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第9题

Are organically grown foods the best food choices？ The advantages claimed for such foods o

ver conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated. Advocates of organic foods frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.

The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence, the greater number of written material advancing such claims make it difficult for the general public to sep arate fact from fiction. As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form. the basis for folklore.

Almost daily the public is surrounded by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that crops grown with organic fertilizers are nutritionally superior to chose with chemical fertilizers, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.

One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than conventionally grown foods. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern ff consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limit ed incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods be cause ______ .

A．organic goods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally grown foods

B．many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown foods

C．conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods

D．too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops

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第10题

Welcome to Franklin Hotel. To make your stay as enjoyable as possible, we hope you will us

e our facilities (设施) to the full.

Dining Room: Breakfast is served in the dining room from 8 to 9:30 a.m. Also the room staff (服务员) may bring breakfast to your room at any time after 7 a.m. If this happens, please fill out a card and hang it outside your door when you go to bed. Lunch is from 12 to 2:30 p. m. Dinner is from 7:30 to 9 p. m.

Room service: This operates 24 hours a day; phone the Reception desk, and your message will be passed on to the room staff.

Telephones: To make a phone call, dial(拨) 0 for Reception and ask to be connected. We apologize for delays if the lines are very busy. There are also public telephones near the Reception desk. Tell Reception if early calls are needed.

Shop: The hotel shop is open for presents, gifts and goods from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p. m.

Laundry: We have a laundry in the building, and will wash, iron and return your clothes within 24 hours. Ask the room staff to collect them.

Bar(酒吧):The hotel bar is open from 12 to 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. to 1 a.m.

Banking: The Reception staff will cash cheques (兑现支票)and exchange any foreign money for you.

You would see this notice ______.

A．in a hotel bar

B．in a hotel (lining room

C．in a bedroom of a large international hotel

D．at the entrance of a small family hotel

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