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Costs that change as output changes: ().
A.fixed cost
B.variable cost
C.sunk cost
D.overhead cost
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A.fixed cost
B.variable cost
C.sunk cost
D.overhead cost
The review study,"Organic Agriculture in the 21st Century,”is featured as the cover story for theFebruary issue of the journal Nature Plants. It is the first to compare organic and conventional agricultureacross the main goals of sustainability identified by the National Academy of Sciences: productivity,economics,and environment.
Critics have long argued that organic agriculture is inefficient,requiring more land to yield the sameamount of food. It's true that organic farming produces lower yields,averaging 10 to 20 percent less thanconventional. Advocates contend that the environmental advantages of organic agriculture far outweighthe lower yields,and that increasing research and breeding resources for organic systems would reduce theyield gap.Sometimes excluded from these arguments is the fact that we already produce enough food tomore than feed the world's 7.4 billion people but do not provide adequate access to all individuals
In some cases,organic yields can be higher than conventional. For example,in severe droughtconditions,which are expected to increase with climate change in many areas,organic farms can produceas good,if not better,yields because of the higher water-holding capacity of organically farmed soils.
What science does tell us is that mainstream conventional farming systems have provided growingsupplies of food and other products but often at the expense of other sustainability goals.
Conventional agriculture may produce more food,but it often comes at a cost to the environment.Biodiversity loss,environmental degradation,and severe impacts on ecosystem services have not onlyaccompanied conventional farming systems but have often extended well beyond their field boundaries.With organic agriculture,environmental costs tend to be lower and the benefits greater.
Overall,organic farms tend to store more soil carbon,have better soil quality, and reduce soil erosioncompared to their conventional counterparts. Organic agriculture also creates less soil and water pollutionand lower greenhouse gas emissions. And it's more energy-efficient because it doesn't rely on syntheticfertilizers or pesticides.
Organic agriculture is also associated with greater biodiversity of plants,animals,insects andmicroorganisms as well as genetic diversity. Biodiversity increases the services that nature provides andimproves the ability of farming systems to adapt to changing conditions.
Despite lower yields,organic agriculture is more profitable for farmers because consumers are willingto pay more.Higher prices,called price premiums,can be justified as a way to compensate farmers forproviding ecosystem services and avoiding environmental damage or external costs.
51. What do we learn from the conclusion of the author's review study?
A)More resources should be tapped for feeding the world's population.
B)Organic farming may be exploited to solve the global food problem.
C)The long-term prospects of organic farming are yet to be explored.
D) Organic farming is at least as promising as conventional farming.
52. What is the critics' argument against organic farming?
A)It cannot meet the need for food.
B) It cannot increase farm yields.
C )It is not really practical.
D) It is not that productive.
53. What does the author think should be taken into account in arguing about organic farming?
A)Growth in world population.
B)Deterioration in soil fertility.
C) Inequality in food distribution.
D)Advance in farming technology.
54. What does science tell us about conventional farming?
A) It will not be able to meet global food demand.
B)It is not conducive to sustainable development.
C) It will eventually give way to organic farming.
D) It is going mainstream throughout the world.
55. Why does the author think higher prices of organic farm produce are justifiable?
A)They give farmers going organic a big competitive edge.
B)They motivate farmers to upgrade farming technology.
C) Organic farming costs more than conventional farming.
D)Organic farming does long-term good to the ecosystem.
This book costs ______ that one.
A.twice more
B.twice more as
C.two times more as
D.twice as much as
Advertising costs are not in reasonable ______ to the total cost of the product.
A.proportion
B.connection
C.reaction
D.relation
The car costs ______ the other one.
A.as much over
B.as much to
C.as much more as
D.as much as
They made every effort to______the costs of the construction project.
A.bring off
B.bring down
C.bring back
D.bring up
Staying in a hotel costs ______ renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
A.twice more than
B.twice as much as
C.as much twice as
D.as much as twice
From paragraph 4 we can infer that _______ .
A the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
B WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
C the costs of the gobalization process are enormous
D the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
A.twice as much as
B.twice more
C.as much as twice
D.as much twice as
A.No, it costs about 200 yuan.
B, It shouldn't be that expensive.
C.I'm not sure yet.Maybe not.
A.because many old people are changing their professions
B.because some people are looking for better jobs
C.because they have high costs for repairs and advanced technology
D.all of the above