题目内容
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The researchers have been working hard to
A.reduce the damage by earthquakes
B.explore the functions of bamboo
C.build bamboo houses for a billion people
D.design bamboo house models
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更多“The researchers have been work…”相关的问题
A．Giving
B．To give
C．Given
D．Being given
The infants kept kicking their legs for ______.
A．they were too young to control themselves
B．they wanted to attract others' attention
C．they were required to do so by the researchers
D．they might have found it enjoyable to control the mobile
The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. There- fore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.
Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune sys- tem function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.
Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness, for example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.
In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psycho- logical stress, such as a loved one's death, may damage an important part of our immune system.
There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.
The study on the military school students indicated that ______.
A．life in the school was very stressful
B．disease could be caused by psychological factors
C．the good students were likely to fall ill
D．stress often made students unhappy
Researchers have found that REM(rapid eye movement)sleep is important to human beings. This type of sleep generally occurs four or five times during one night of sleep lasting five minutes to forty minutes for each occurrence. The deeper a persons sleep becomes, the longer the periods of rapid eye movement. There are physical changes in the body to show that a person has changed from NREM(non-rapid eye movement)to REM sleep. Breathing becomes faster, the heart rate increases, and, as the name implies, the eyes begin to move quickly. Accompanying these physical changes in the body there is a very important characteristic of REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that a person dreams.
According to the passage, how often does REM sleep occur in one night？
A．Once.
B．Twice.
C．Four or five times.
D．Forty times.
In the first of two studies（1）in Heart， German researchers spent a decadestudying the（2）and intensity of weekly exercise in 1，000 people in their 60swith coronary artery heart disease （冠心病）， almost half of whom were（3）2-4times a week. Predictably， participants who（4）less than 2 times a week weredetermined to be at greater risk for a heart attack. However， counter-intuitively （直觉地 ） ， participants who exercised more than the average were also twice aslikely to have a heart attack or stroke than the average.
A different study found that young men who engage in endurance exercisemore than five hours a week may（5）their risk of developing an irregular heartrhythm later in life.
Swedish researchers surveyed 44，000 men， ages 45-79， about theirexercise（6）at ages of 15，30，50 and over in 2013. Those who exercised（7）formore than five hours a week were 19% more likely to have developed an irregularheartbeat， which is a（8）factor in stroke risk.
Despite their findings， researchers（9）sounding the alarm full-force onintense exercise， citing the "benefits of exercise" while clarifying that "thestudies reviewed here， and future studies， will serve to maximize benefits obtainedby（10）exercise while preventing undesirable effects of intense exercise."
A．active
B．avoided
C．behavior.
D．consequently
E．Density
F．Energetic
G．Engagement
H．Exercised
I．Frequency
J．Increase
K．Intensely
L．Key
M．Largely
N．Published
O．regular
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Data sharing: an open mind on open date
[ A] It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. a spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a&39;crisis&39; incience whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.
[B] the open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. on the one hand,the drive to share is gathering official steam. since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back politics that support increased public access to reseach.on the other hand,scientists disagree about how much and when they should share date,and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems.as more journals and make it more robust,or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems.as more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.
[C] one key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becoming scientifically vulnerable. they must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration prosal from those who are wary of-or unfamiliar with -open science. and they must learn How to capitalize on the movement&39;s benefits such as opportunities for more citations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such as publication in high-impact journals.
[D] some fields have embraced open data more than others. researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal sup-porters of the drive for more-open science.A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in repar open science. a few psychology journals have created incentives porters of the drive for me lucible science -for example, by affixing an",badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. according to social psychologist brian nose executive director of the center for open science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.
[E] funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy .several strongly ergement,and some require,a date-management plan that makes data available .The us national science foundation is among these, some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including the bill Gates foundation in seattle, washington, and the wellcome trust in london, alopen data from their grant recipients.
[F] but many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science .are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private.Graduate students and postdoes,who often are working on their lab head&39;s grant may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior opposes sharing.
[G] some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career." Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped(被抢先),” says new York university astronomer david hogg. those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.
[H] researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when sharing hard-won data. ""with my institution and teaching load, i don&39;t have postdocs and grad students", says terry mcglynn, a tropical biologist at california state university,Dominguez hills. "the stakes are higher to share data because it&39;s a bigger fraction of hats happening in my lab.
[I] researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view.Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository(存储库 ), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.
[J] the time investment can present other problems. in some cases, says data scientist karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues many of whom head selection and promotion teesht ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies. "i&39;ve heard this recently -that embracing the idea of open datad code makes traditional academics uncomfortable, "says ram. "the concem seems to be that open advocates don&39;t spend their time being as productive as possible."
[ K]an open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. kate ratliff, who studies social attitudes at the university of florida, gainesville, says that it can seem as if there are two camps in a field-those who care about open science and those who don&39;t . " there a new area to navigate-&39;are you cool with the fact that i&39;ll want to make the data open？&39;-when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea, "she says.
[L] despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. for example,when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier(DOI)is assigned.
Scientists can use a DOT to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations- one each for the data and software.in addition to the paper itself. and although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia,they can have other benefits.
[M] many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. "this is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it. while discouraging plagiarism(剽窃). " says ivo grigorov, a project coordinator at the naional institute of aquatic resot
Research secreta - in charlottenlund, denmark. hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. "the two cases i&39;m familiar with didn&39;t involve open data or code, "he says.
[N] Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the palying field by gaining better access to crucial date. ross mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at the university of cambrige,UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil others&39; data. he says that more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a commom practice of shutting out early-career scientists&39; requests for data.
[O] communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says,Concems about open should be discussed at the outset of a study. "whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them, he says.
[p] in the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early -career researcher to gain recognition--a crucial component of success. "the thing you are searching for reputation" says titus brown,a genomics(基因组学) researcher at the university of Califomia, davis,."to get grants and jobs you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. anything you do that advances your presence- especially in a larger
phere, outside the communities you know- is a net win."
36. astronomer david hogg doesn&39;t think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought.
37. some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them
38. some psychology joumals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data.
39. there is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public.40. sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation
41. data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading to more citations
42. scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing
43. potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by all participants at the beginning of a joint research project
44. sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming
45. junior researehers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.
In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior. so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes？ In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regardfor whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
61.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to ____.
A.be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B.view them from their own cultural perspective
C.guard against interference from their own culture
D.accept readily what is alien to their own culture
62.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach_____
A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.
D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.
63.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more ____.
A.culturally interactive
B.culture-oriented
C.culturally biased
D.culture-specific
64.The etic approach is concerned with____.
A.the general characteristics of minority families
B.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups
D.the economic conditions of different types of families
65.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in theUSAaccording to the passage_____
A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C.They don't interact with each other so much as White families.
D.They have closer family ties than White families.
【T14】
A. BETWEEN
B. IMITATE
C. ACCELERATE
D. OTHERWISE PHRASES: A. ENABLING THE BIRD TO【T13】______
B. IT【T14】______ COULD
C. WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO【T15】______
D. FROM【T16】______ ITS FEATHERS THE EMPEROR PENGUIN TRAPS AIR IN ITS FEATHERS. NOT ONLY DOES THIS INSULATE THE BIRD AGAINST EXTREME COLD BUT IT ALSO ENABLES IT TO MOVE TWO OR THREE TIMES FASTER THAN【T17】______ HOW？ MARINE BIOLOGISTS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT IT DOES SO BY RELEASING TINY AIR BUBBLES【T18】______ . AS THESE BUBBLES ARE RELEASED, THEY REDUCE FRICTION ON THE SURFACE OF THE PENGUIN"S WINGS,【T19】______ . INTERESTINGLY, ENGINEERS HAVE BEEN STUDYING WAYS TO MAKE SHIPS GO FASTER BY USING BUBBLES TO REDUCE FRICTION AGAINST THEIR HULLS(船身). HOWEVER, RESEARCHERS ACKNOWLEDGE THAT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS CHALLENGING BECAUSE "THE COMPLEXITY OF PENGUIN"S WINGS【T20】______ ".
The findings are based on a German study of almost 700 people who suffered heart attacks. The patients described their activities during the four days before their heart attack. Researchers found that those who had been in traffic were three times more likely to have a heart attack within one hour, compared to those who had not been in traffiC. Most of those in the study had been traveling by car. But some had been on bicycles and others were on buses.
Research shows that people in cars and buses are exposed to ten times the amount of pollutants as people walking on the street. That is largely because they breathe in the particles and gasses released from the vehicles in front of them.
Over time, these small particles speed the buildup of a sticky substance in the blooD. This can cause blockages(阻塞) to form. in the arteries(动脉) around the heart and lead to a heart attack.
Other studies have also linked heart trouble to stress, similar to the kind that people face while driving in heavy traffiC. But the researchers of the latest study say they do not know whether the increased heart attack risk was the result of stress or pollution. They suggest it may be a combination of stress, noise and pollution. Experts say the research shows the need fro cleaner vehicles and better city planning.
9.According to the study, which of the following ways is the safest in traffic？
A. Driving a car
B. Walking on the street
C. Taking a bus
D. Riding a bicycle
9.From among the 700 people who suffered heart attacks we learn that ______.
A. those who have been in traffic are three times as many as those who have not
B. those who have been in traffic for more than one hour are most likely to suffer heart attacks
C. the risk of a heart attack is three higher among those who have been in traffic than those who have not
D. Most of the subjects (实验对象) felt uncomfortable during the four days before the attack
9.The particles released from vehicles ______.
A. build up in the blood
B. become blockages in the arteries
C. make the blood more sticky
D. do harm to the heart
9.According to the studies, which of the following is NOT a likely cause of heart attack？
A. Stress
B. Noise
C. Air pollution
D. Traffic accident
9.What suggestion do experts make to lower the risk？
A. Reducing traffic as much as possible.
B. Living away from nose.
C. Planting more trees in the city.
D. Making vehicles clean.
根据下列文章,请回答 46～50 题。
Read With Greater Speed
Do you have difficulty reading in class？ If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain.
At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. ________ (1)
Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring.
Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters representunits of sound called phonemes (音素). ________ (2)
By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year.
As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students' brains.
________ (3) This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive.
A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests._________ (4)
However, some researchers still doubt the study. ________ (5)
A．Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters.
B．The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling.
C．The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters.
D．Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn't show the same progress.
E．The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side.
F．They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.
第 46 题 请选择（1）处最佳答案。
