题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A.identify strategies which learners use in language learning
B.try to identify the causes of learner errors.
C.obtain information on common difficulties in language learning
D.All of the above.
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The means of sending communications are too numerous and varied for a systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, hearing, and touch play the most important roles. Smell and taste play very limited roles, for they cannot receive intellectual expression from fully developed systems of signs and symbols.
Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, of flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch, such as by handshaking or backslapping, although a highly developed system of hand stroking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form. of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language.
The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in common: they last only a short time, and the person involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore all are restricted in time and space.
Why does the author begin his analysis with the means of receiving communication rather than the means of sending communication？
A．Communication actually takes place when the message is received.
B．There are more means of receiving than of sending communications.
C．Reception of communications involves of the senses.
D．It is difficult to organize by type the means of sending communications.
Saying they can no longer ignore the rising prices of health care, some of the most influential medical groups in the nation are recommending that doctors weigh the costs, not just the effectiveness of treatment, as they make decisions about patient care.
The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.
In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing.
Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies.
Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers.
"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn't be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts."
Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis.
But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what to use？
"I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen.
Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue."
57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？
A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.
B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.
C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.
D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.
58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past？
A.Specific medicines to be used.
B.Professional advancement.
C.Effects of medical treatment.
D.Patients' trust.
59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to？
A.The redefining of doctors' roles.
B.Conflicts between doctors and patients.
C.Overuse of less effective medicines.
D.The prolonging of patients' suffering.
60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers？
A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest.
B.They may be forced to divide their attention.
C.They may have to use less effective drugs.
D.They may lose the respect of patients.
61.What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis？
A.It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.
B.It will help to save money for society as a whole.
C.It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.
D.It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.
Question 37 to 46 are based on the following passage.
It's our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday activity, after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting(37)_____ can lead to obesity(肥胖症)and other disease, researchers have now quantified just how(38)_____ being a couch potato can be.
In an analysis of data from eight large(39)_____ published studies, a Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that for every two hours per day spent channel(40)_____, the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes(糖尿病)rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease increased 15% over a(41)_____, and the odds of dying prematurely(42)_____ 13% during a seven-year follow-up. All of these(43)_____ are linked to a lack of physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary(久坐的)activities, like knitting, viewing TV may be especially(44)_____ at promoting unhealthy habits. For one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and popcorn may make you more likely to(45)_____ them.
Even so, the authors admit that they didn't compare different sedentary activities to(46)_____ whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of diabetes, heart disease or early death compared with, say, reading.
A.climbed
B.consume
C.decade
D.determine
E.effective
F.harmful
G.outcomes
H.passively
I.previously
J.resume
K.suffered
L.surfing
M.term
N.terminals
O.twisting
根据以下内容回答题：
As contrasts go，there are few other pairs of culture as distinct from each other as the Japa-nese and the Americans．Japan’s many centuries of history and especially its Buddhist heritage have given the Japanese an attitude of repose（从容）——the best course is to let it be：When the time is ripe，things will work out by．themselves．America，on the other hand，is just a few centuries old and displays an almost volcanic liveliness and restlessness．For the Japanese，social harmony has a prior claim in every circumstance；for the Americans，harmony is the result of the rational interaction of free and fair-minded people．One does not lightly move from traditions in Japan，many of which are centuries old；in the United States，the habits and attitudes of even one’S parent’S generation are suspect． Every cuhure，through its legal and institutional arrangements，mirrors the society’S reso-lution of some basic human problems．These can provide a useful framework for the analysis of cuhural differences．Organizations also face the same problems and usually take their cue from the prevailing culture in designing solutions to these problems．This suggests that the perspec-tive provided by viewing cuhure through the framework of this problem will be useful for organi-zational analysis as well．The following sections present a discussion of such a framework in the context of the contrast between Japan and the United States． Before this is presented，however，we must alert the reader that the differences are stated here as being sharper than they may be in reality．On each of the aspects discussed later，there is naturally considerable variation within each culture，because examples demonstrating the cul-tural reality opposite to the one described in this book can be found easily．Thus，the following discussion should be viewed in the way it is presented，as generalizations and tendencies rather than as absolutes．
Cultural differences between the Japanese and the Americans are the__________ ．
A.most obvious
B.slightest
C.Same
D.less suitable
in a space level (i.e. the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, l bit at a time, by placing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i.e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes.
At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of the start bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the received parity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parity error flag is set to indicate a transmission error.
(1).When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first sends().
A.a character at the same time
B.a character to the line
C.the start bit
D.a mark level to the line
(2).The transmitter then send the character, for a duration of T seconds().
A.each bit
B.all bits
C.successive bits
D.a start bit and a character
(3).Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at the same level as for one or two bit periods().
A.the space level
B.the mark level
C.the complement of the mark level
D.another character
(4).At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver().
A.does not monitor the start bit
B.waits until the beginning of the start bit
C.samples the start bit at its center
D.generates a local clock
(5).When the received character has been assembled, its parity().
A.is set to indicate a transmission error
B.is compared with the received character
C.is an error flag
D.may be equal to the received parity
【B1】
A．although
B．rather
C．though
D．therefore
Careful note – taking on your reading material ___48___ while you read. Pausing periodically to ___49__ about important claims or ideas, ___50___ details, or questions about unclear concepts. The act of note – taking will help you to reflect about the content of the document, and the notes you keep will ___51___ an archive that you can refer to in the future.
Synthesis is the ability to take what are ___52___ seeming irrelevant points and put them together into a meaningful, new whole. Synthesis may occur during your reading, or it may tale place after you have read a document in its entirety.
Analysis moves synthesis one step ___53___ , encouraging a reader to carefully examine thoroughly the points ___54__ , and how they are synthesized. After readers analyze a passage or a whole text, they ___55__ regarding the document, either generally agreeing or disagreeing with its message. (205 words)
46. A. study B. reflect on C. consider D. think
47. A. and B. but also C. moreover D. yet
48. A. must take place B. may start C. have to begin D. should occur
49. A. make note B. write note C. take notes D. keep note
50. A. relevant B. connected C. associated D. linked
51. A. act as B. serve as C. consider as D. regard as
52. A. firstly B. to begin with C. first hand D. at first
53. A. in advance B. farther C. further D. forwardly
54. A. to be made B. being made C. having made D. to make
55. A. take a position B. insist on C. consider D. hold the view
The means of receiving communications are too numerous and varied for systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, heating, and touch play the most important roles.
Example of visual communication are gesture and mini-cry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight, such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags or flashing lights. Feeling may be simply communicated by touch, such as handshaking , although a highly developed system of handshaking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form. of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language.
The means of communication mentioned so far have two feature in common; they last only a short time, and the persons involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore all are restricted in time and space.
The author explains that he will deal with reception of communication first because ______.
A．communication actually takes place when the message is received
B．there are more means of receiving than sending communications
C．reception of communications involved use of the senses
D．it is difficult to organize by type the means of sending communications
【C1】
A．hurt
B．pain
C．harm
D．work
The sources of our dreams are most commonly attributed to factors in our waking lives. Whether it be emotional challenges, stress in the workplace, relationship problems or a myriad of other possible factors, the thoughts and feelings created in our waking environments are believed to directly influence the content of our dreams. A particular dramatic or traumatic experience during the day would no doubt be encountered again in some form. or another during the night.
Just as important as actual events in the determination of the content of our dreams are the preexisting beliefs that we hold. If we encounter some kind of phenomena in our dreams, it is very likely that we already believed in the possibility of the phenomena before the dream. For example, if someone dreams of being abducted by aliens, it's very likely that, before the dream, he already believed in the existence of aliens. To the extent that dreams are direct reflections of our minds, they will reflect accurately what we believe and hold to be true.
The way that we act in dreams bears consideration as well. Oftentimes, our behavior. in our dreams reflects hidden desires for that type of behavior. in our waking lives. Someone who dreams of revenge may actually desire revenge in real life, and likewise someone who dreams of adventure night after night may be experiencing his mind playing out a desire for more excitement in his everyday life.
While the items encountered in our dreams are of great importance in the analysis of dreams, it must be recognized and understood that the same item in two different dreams can easily have entirely different meanings for the two dreamers. For example, a home in the dreams of an avid equestrian can signify comfort and relaxation, whereas the same home in the dreams of a hunter can represent excitement and challenge.
Nightmares are mentioned in paragraph 1 in order to______.
A．give an introduction to the main subject of the text
B．give an example of one particularly vivid type of dream
C．provide a justification for the study of dreams
D．illustrate the value of analyzing dreams
