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Under normal conditions the act of communication requires the presence of at least two per

sons: one who sends and one who receives the communication. In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, there must be a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.

The means of sending communications are too numerous and varied for a systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, hearing, and touch play the most important roles. Smell and taste play very limited roles, for they cannot receive intellectual expression from fully developed systems of signs and symbols.

Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, of flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch, such as by handshaking or backslapping, although a highly developed system of hand stroking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form. of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language.

The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in common: they last only a short time, and the person involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore all are restricted in time and space.

Why does the author begin his analysis with the means of receiving communication rather than the means of sending communication？

A．Communication actually takes place when the message is received.

B．There are more means of receiving than of sending communications.

C．Reception of communications involves of the senses.

D．It is difficult to organize by type the means of sending communications.

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更多“Under normal conditions the ac…”相关的问题

第1题

According to the passage, why did women become active in politics？A．To improve the conditi

According to the passage, why did women become active in politics？

A．To improve the conditions of life that existed at the time.

B．To support Elizabeth Cady Stanton for president.

C．To be elected to public office.

D．To amend the Declaration of Independence.

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第2题

Are you aware that you actually possess six senses？ The sixth is a muscular sense responsi

ble for directing your muscles intelligently to the extent necessary for each action you perform. For example, when you reach for an object, the sensory nerves linking the muscles to the brain stop your hand at the correct spot. This automatic perception of the position of your muscles in relation to the object is your muscular sense in action.

Muscles are stringly bundles of fibers varying from one five - thousand of an inch to about three inches. They have three unique characteristics, they can become shorter and thicker; they can stretch; and they can retract to their original positions. Under a high -powered microscope, muscle tissue is seen as long, slender cells with a grainy texture like wood.

More than half of a person' s body is composed of muscle fibers, most of which are involuntary, in other words, work without conscious direction. The voluntary muscles, those that we move consciously to perform. particular actions, number more than five hundred. Women have only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle as men for their body mass. That is why an average woman can' t lift as much, throw as far, or hit as hard as an average man.

According to the selection, the muscular sense is responsible for ______ .

A．the efficiency of our muscles

B．the normal breathing function

C．directing our muscles intelligently

D．the work of only our involuntary muscles

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第3题

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to do

things because certain acts lead to" rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result. For instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble ''when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______. ()

A．are directly related to pleasure

B．will meet their physical needs

C．will bring them a feeling of success

D．will satisfy their curiosity

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第4题

For some time past it has been widelyaccepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

A．are directly related to pleasure

B．will meet their physical needs

C．will bring them a feeling of success

D．will satisfy their curiosity

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第5题

Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing th

e effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the Sun's rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.

Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish (Sheik) this water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated, it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

What is the passage mainly about？

A．Animals developed different strategies to survive.

B．Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.

C．Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.

D．A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.

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第6题

淮南师范学院校徽上的英文字样是（)。

A.HUAINAN Normal University

B.HUAINAN normal university

C.HUAINAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY

D.HUAINAN Normal UNIVERSITY

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第7题

A．averageB．ordinaryC．normalD．academic

A.average

B.ordinary

C.normal

D.academic

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第8题

A．plainB．averageC．meanD．normal

A.plain

B.average

C.mean

D.normal

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第9题

The normal cell maximum radius for GSM is？（)

A.35km

B.70km

C.50km

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第10题

Which of the following means normal breathing？（)

A.apnea

B.bradypnea

C.dyspnea

D.eupnea

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第11题

The normal length of Book review is（).

A.1500-2000

B.2500-3000

C.3500-4000

D.4500-5000

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