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People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It

is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have been developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as " nature/nurture".

Two who support the" nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

Proponents of the " nurture" theory, or as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimulus as the basis of their behavior.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Which of the following statements would supporters of the" nature" theory agree with？

A．A person's instincts have little effect on his actions.

B．Environment is important in determining a person's behavior. and personality.

C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act.

D．The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act.

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更多“People have wondered for a lon…”相关的问题
第1题
完成下列各题 D Thomas Alva Edison was awarded more patents on inventions than any ot

完成下列各题 D

Thomas Alva Edison was awarded more patents on inventions than any other American． When he died in l931，Americans wondered how they could best show their respect for him． One suggestion was that the nation observe a minute or two of total black-out．All electric power would be shut off in homes streets and factories． Perhaps this suggestion made Americans realize fully what Edison and his inventions meant to them．Electric power was too important to the country．Shutting it off for even a short time would have led to complete confusion．A black—out was out of the question． On the day of Edison's funeral，many people silently dimmed their lights．In this way they honored the man who had done mroe than anyone else to put the great force of electricity at his countrymen's fingertips． People decided to honor Edison when_________．

A.he made the first electric light

B.electric power was l00 years old

C.the country realized electricity's importance

D.he died in 1931

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第2题
Have you ever wondered what our future is like？ Practically all people【C1】______a desire t
o predict their future【C2】______People seem inclined to【C3】______this task u sing causal reasoning. First, we generally【C4】______that future circumstances are【C5】______caused or conditioned by present ones. We learn that getting an education will【C6】______how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy【C7】______with a shark.

Second, people also learn that such【C8】______of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. That is, the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are【C9】______, but not al ways.【C10】______, students learn that studying hard produces good grades【C11】______most instances, but not every time. Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more clear and【C12】______techniques for dealing with them more【C13】______than does causal human inquiry. In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to【C14】______between prediction and under .standing. Often, even if we don't under stand why, we are willing to act on the basis of a demonstrated【C15】______ability.

Whatever the primitive drives that【C16】______human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to predict future circumstances. The attempt to predict is often played in the【C17】______of knowledge and understanding. If you can understand why certain regular patterns【C18】______, you can predict better than if you simply ob serve those patterns. Thus, human inquiry aims【C19】______answering both "what" and "why" questions, and we【C20】______these goals by observing and figuring out.

【C1】

A．exhibit

B．exploit

C．release

D．expose

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第3题
How to Be a Successful Businessperson Have you ever wondered why some people are successfu

How to Be a Successful Businessperson

Have you ever wondered why some people are successful in business and others are not？ Here's astory about one successful businessperson. He started out washing dishes and today he owns 168 res-taurants.

Zubair Kazi was born in Bhatkal,a small town in southwest India. His dream was to be an airplanepilot,and when he was 16 years old,he learned to fly a small plane.

At the age of 23 and with just a little money in his pocket, Mr. Kazi moved to the United States.He hoped to get a job in the airplane industry in California. Instead, he ended up working for a compa-ny that rented cars.

While Mr. Kazi was working at the car rental(租赁的)company,he frequently ate at a nearby KFCrestaurant. To save money on food,he decided to get a job with KFC. For two months,he worked as acook's assistant. His job was to clean the kitchen and help the cook. "I didn't like it,"Mr,Kazi says,"but I always did the best I could. "

One day, Mr. Kazi's two co-workers failed to come to work. That day,Mr. Kazi did the work of allthree people in the kitchen. This really impressed the owners of the restaurant. A few months later,the owners needed a manager for a new restaurant. They gave the job to Mr. Kazi. He worked hard asthe manager and soon the restaurant was making a profit.

A few years later,Mr. Kazi heard about a restaurant that was losing money. The restaurant wasdirty inside and the food was terrible. Mr. Kazi borrowed money from a bank and bought the restau-rant. For the first six months,Mr. Kazi worked in the restaurant from 8 a. m. t0 10 p. m. ,seven days aweek. He and his wife cleaned up the restaurant,remodeled the front of the building,and improved thecooking. They also tried hard to please the customers. If someone had to wait more than ten minutesfor their food, Mrs. Kazi gave them a free soda. Before long the restaurant was making a profit.

A year later, Mr. Kazi sold his restaurant for a profit. With the money he earned, he bought threemore restaurants that were losing money. Again, he cleaned them up,improved the food,and retrainedthe employees. Before long these restaurants were making a profit,too.

Today Mr. Kazi owns 168 restaurants,but he isn't planning to stop there. He's looking for morepoorly managed restaurants to buy. "I love it when I go to buy a restaurant and find it's a mess, "Mr.Kazi says. "The only way it can go is up. "

When Mr. Kazi was young, his dream was to

A.sell cars

B.own a restaurant

C.become a good cook

D.be an airplane pilot

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第4题
A new study uses advanced brain-scanning technology to cast light onto a topic that 【M1】__
____

psychologists have puzzled over more than half a century: social conformity. The study 【M2】______

was based on a famous series of laboratory experiment from the 1950's by a social psy 【M3】______

chologist, Dr. Solomon Asch. In those early studies, the subjects were shown two cards.

On the first was a vertical line. On the second were three lines, one of them the same length

with that on the first card. Then the subjects were asked to say which two lines were 【M4】______

like, something that most 5-year-olds could answer correctly. But Dr. Asch added a twist. 【M5】______

Seven other people, in cahoots with the researchers, also examined the lines and gave

their answers before the subjects did. And sometimes these confederates unconsciously 【M6】______

gave the wrong answer. Dr. Asch was astonished at what happened next.. After thinking 【M7】______

hard, three out of four subjects agreed with the incorrect answers given by the confederates 【M8】______

at least once. And one in four conformed 50 percent of the time. Dr. Asch, who died

in 1996, always wondered about the findings. Did the people who gave in to group do so

knowing that their answers was right？ Or did the social pressure actually change their

perceptions？ The researchers found that social conformity showed up in the brain like 【M9】______

activity in regions that are entirely devoted to perception. But independence of judgment

m standing up for one' s beliefs M showed up as activity in brain areas involved in emotion,

the study found, suggesting that there be a cost for going against the group. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第5题
The other day I heard an American say to a Chinese student of English "You speak very good
English." But the student answered, "No, no. My English is very poor." the foreigner was quite surprised at the answer. Thinking he had not made himself understood or the student had not heard him clearly, he said, "Yes indeed, you speak English very well." But the Chinese student still kept saying "No. "In the end the foreigner gave up and was at a loss what to say. What's wrong with the student's answer？ It is because he did not accept a compliment＜赞美的话＞as the English people do. He should have said "Thank you" instead of "no". He actually understood what the American had said. But he thought he should be modest. If he said "Thank you", that would mean he was too proud. According to the western culture, if someone says the dishes you have cooked are very delicious, you should say "Thank you". If someone says to a woman "You look so beautiful with the new clothes on", she should be very happy and answer "Thank you". In our country we think being modest is a virtue and showing off a bad thing. But in the west, if you are modest and say" No, I'm afraid I can't do it well", then the others will take it for granted that you really cannot do it. If you often say "no", you will certainly be looked down upon by others. If asking for a job, one says something like "Let me have a try on the job" instead of "Yes, I can certainly do it," he or she will never expect to get it. So in the west one should always be confident. Without self-confidence, he cannot go anywhere. Confidence is of great importance to one in a country where competition is quite keen.

Why was the American surprised at the Chinese student's answer？

A．Because he wondered whether the student could really speak good English.

B．Because he could hardly hear what the student had said.

C．Because he wouldn't like others to say "No".

D．Because the way to accept a compliment in China is not the same as that in the western countries.

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第6题
Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests f
or food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But because the two big cola (可乐饮料) companies-Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.

We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they'd have no trouble tellingtheir brand from the other brand.

We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants' choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.

Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.

While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.

71.According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to _______.

A.find out the role taste preference plays in a person's drinking

B.reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers

C.show that a person's opinion about taste is mere guess-work

D.compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks

72.The statistics recorded in the preference tests show _____.

A.Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people's two most favorite drinks

B.there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi

C.few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi

D.people's tastes differ from one another

73.It is implied in the first paragraph that ______.

A.the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas

B.the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies

C.the competition between the two colas is very strong

D.blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans

74.The word "burnout" (Line 4, Para. 5) here refers to the state of _____.

A.being seriously burnt in the skin

B.being unable to burn for lack of fuel

C.being badly damaged by fire

D.being unable to function because of excessive use

75.The author's purpose in writing this passage is to ______.

A.show that taste preference is highly subjective

B.argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy

C.emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other

D.recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas

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第7题
The Stranger Who Changed My Life It was a sunny morning in the spring of 1966. I was drivi
ng a taxi, looking for a customer. While passing New York Hospital, I found a man running down the hospital steps, waving at me. I stopped. The man reached the taxi and jumped in. "The Airport，please," he said. As always, I wondered about my passenger. Was this man a talker？ After a few moments, he started saying, "How do you like driving a taxi？" "It's OK," I said. "I make a living and meet interesting people sometimes." "What do you do？" I asked. "I am a doctor at New York Hospital." Many times during long rides, I'd developed a good relationship with my passengers and received very good advice from them. This time I decided to ask for his help. "Could I ask a favor of you？" He didn't answer. "I have a son, 15, a good kid. He wants a job this summer. Is it possible that you get one for him？" He still wasn't talking, and I was starting to feel foolish. Finally, he said, "Well, my students have a summer research project. Maybe he could join in. Have him send me his school record." He left his address and paid me. It was the last time I ever saw him. Robbie sent off his grades the next morning. And gradually this incident was forgotten. Two weeks later, when I arrived home from work, Robbie handed me a letter. He was informed to call Dr. Plum for an interview. Robbie got the job. The following summer, Robbie worked at the hospital again, but this time, he was given more responsibility. Then, he worked at the hospital for a third summer and gradually developed a love of medical profession. Near graduating from college, Robbie applied to and was admitted to New York Medical College. After getting his medical degree, Robbie, the son of a taxi driver, became a doctor at Columbia Medical Center. The doctor shouted at the taxi driver for a rideA.True

B.False

C.Not Given

The doctor wanted to go to the railway station by taxiA.True

B.False

C.Not Given

Robbie joined in a summer research project.A.True

B.False

C.Not Given

Robbie gradually got interested in medicineA.True

B.False

C.Not Given

Big opportunities can come out of ordinary meetings.A.True

B.False

C.Not Given

The taxi driver liked talking with his customers.A.True

B.False

C.Not Given

Robbie finally became a doctor at New York Hospital.A.True

B.False

C.Not Given

The taxi driver had two children.A.True

B.False

C.Not Given

The doctor wrote a recommendation letter for RobbieA.True

B.False

C.Not Given

The taxi driver became Dr. Plum’s friendA.True

B.False

C.Not Given

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

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第8题
Some people will be facing a big () if they do not have enough money when they get older.
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第9题
Many people have applied for the ______ position.A．emptyB．bareC．vacantD．blank

Many people have applied for the ______ position.

A．empty

B．bare

C．vacant

D．blank

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第10题
Many people are reported______ in the natural disaster.A．being killedB．to be killedC．to ha

Many people are reported______ in the natural disaster.

A．being killed

B．to be killed

C．to have killed

D．to have been killed

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