![](https://static.youtibao.com/asksite/comm/h5/images/m_q_title.png)
What is the product they are talking about?
A.Skirts
B.Shirts
C.Materials
![](https://static.youtibao.com/asksite/comm/h5/images/solist_ts.png)
A.Skirts
B.Shirts
C.Materials
(1)是否存在纯策略的纳什均衡?如果存在,请指出。
(2)如果两厂商都采用极大化极小策略,结果会怎样?
(3)如果厂商1采用极大化极小策略,厂商2得知后,它会怎样做?
Two competing firms are each planning to introduce a new product. Each firm will decide whether to produce Product A, Product B, or Product C. They will make their choices at the same time. The resulting payoffs are shown below.
We are given the following payoff matrix,which describes a product introduction game:
a, Are there any Nash equilateral in pure strategies? If so, what are they?
b. If both firms use maximin strategies, what outcome will result?
c. If Firm 1 uses a maximin strategy,and Firm 2 knows, what will Firm 2 do?
Packaging is a very important form. of advertising. A package can sometimes motivate people to buy products. For example, a small child might ask for a breakfast food contained in a box with a picture of a TV character. The child is more interested in the picture than in breakfast food. Pictures for children to color or cut out, games printed on a package, or a small gift inside a box also motivate many children to buy products -- or to ask their parents to buy for them.
Some packages suggest that a buyer will get something for nothing. Food products sold in reusable containers are examples of this. Although a similar product in a plain container might cost less, people often prefer to buy the product in a reusable glass or dish, because they believe the container is free. However, the cost of the container is added to the cost of the product.
The size of a package also motivates a buyer. Maybe the package has "Economy Size" or" Family Size" printed on it. This suggests that the larger size has the most product for the least money. But that is not always true. To find it out, a buyer has to know how the product is sold and the price of the basic unit.
The information on the package should provide some answers. But the important thing for any buyer to remember is that a package is often an advertisement. The words and pictures do not tell the whole story. Only the product inside can do that.
"A buyer will get something for nothing "in Paragraph 2 most probably means that().
A.a buyer will not get what he pays for
B.a buyer will get more than what he pays for
C.a buyer will get something useful free of charge
D.a buyer will get more but pay less
The wine that claims "It’s like taking a trip to France" wants you to think about a romantic evening in Paris as you walk along the street after a wonderful meal in an intimate cart. Of course, you don’t really believe that a wine can take you to France, but the goal of the ad is to get you to think pleasant, romantic thoughts about France and not about how the wine tastes or how expensive it may be. That little word "like" has taken you away from crushed grapes into a world of your own imaginative making. Who knows, maybe the next time you buy wine, you'll think those pleasant thoughts when you see this brand of wine, and you'll buy it.
How about the most famous "like" claim of all, "Winston tastes good like a cigarette should"? Ignoring the grammatical error here, you might want to know what this claim is saying. Whether a cigarette tastes good or bad is a subjective judgment because what tastes good to one per son may well taste horrible to another. There are many people who say that all cigarettes taste terrible, other people who say only some cigarettes taste all right, and still others who say all cigarettes taste good.
The word "like" in an ad often focuses the consumer’s attention on ______.
A.what the advertiser says about the product
B.what magic the product really possesses
C.why the advertiser promotes the product
D.why the product is as good as promised
"State of the art" is something that is as modem as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is "state of the art" is the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the modernest electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.
"State of the art" is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modem way of doing something. Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970 ' s. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were "state of the art".
Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. (80) The expression "state of the art" became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be "state of the art".
What is the purpose of the passage?
A.To tell how "high tech" and "state of the art" have developed.
B.To give examples of "high tech".
C.To tell what "high tech" and "state of the art" are.
D.To describe very modem technology.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be a bit up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-oriented economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
In Line 9, Para.1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ______.
A.Americans are never satisfied with their incomes
B.Americans tend to overstate their incomes
C.Americans want to have their incomes increased
D.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes
(1)如果公司决定将两种产品的价格都提高10%,其销售量会有什么变化?销售收入呢?
(2)你能否从已知的信息中判断,哪个产品会给厂商带来最大的收入?如果答案是肯定的,为什么?如果无法做出回答,你还需要哪些信息?
The ACME Corporation determines that at current prices the demand for its computer chips has a price elasticity of-2 in the short run, while the price elasticity for its disk drives is- 1.
a. If the corporation decides to raise the price of both products by 10 percent , what will happen to its sales? To its sales revenue?
b. Can you tell from the available information which product will generate the most revenue for the firm? If yes, why? If not, what additional information would you need?
The "narrative" sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefits for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same and is also well suited to companies who have a large number of prospects (可能的主顾) on which to call.
The "suggestive" approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer's needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information gleaned from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.
"We tell our salespeople to be like wine stewards," says Mindy Sahlawannee, a corporate sales trainer, "the wine steward first checks to see what food the customer has ordered and then opens by suggesting the wine that best complements the dish. Most companies who use a narrative strategy should be using a suggestive strategy. Just like you can't drink red wine with every dish, you can't have one sales recommendation to suit all customers."
The final strategy demands that a company's sales staff act as "consultants" for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored specifically to a customer's needs.
"Good sales 'consultants'," says Alan Goldfarb, president of Ad Pro, Inc., "are the people who use a wide range of skills including probing, listening, analysis, and persuasiveness. The best sales 'consultants', however, are the ones who can 'think outside the box' and use their creativity to present a product and close the sale. The other skills you can teach. Creativity is innate. It's something we look for in every employee we hire."
More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations are looking more at intangibles such as creativity and analytical skills and less at educational background and technical skills.
"The next century will be about meeting individual customer needs," says Goldfarb, "the days of one size fits all are over."
The major difference between narrative sales and suggestive sales is that
A.the former highlights the benefits while the latter emphasize the function of the product
B.the former uses more prepared information, the latter has to get ready for unexpected information
C.the former involves no discussion while the latter involves discussion a lot
D.the former is effective in creating demand, the latter is effective in satisfying existing demand
段落匹配:
[46]Shoppers in the UK are spending less money on toilet paper to save money,research has shown.
Penny-pinchingUK consumers choose cheaper products from discounters such as Aldi and Lidlrather than luxury alternatives.
This has wiped6% off the value of the soft tissue paper market in the UK. It has shrunk from£1.19 billion in2011 to£1.12billion in 2015, according to a new report from market research company Mintel. [47] Furthermore, the future of the market looks far fromrosy, with sales expected to fall further to £1.11 billion in 2016.
In the lastyear alone, despite an increase in the UK population and a subsequent rise inthe number of households, sales of toilet paper fell by 2%, with the averagehousehold reducing their toilet roll spending from £43 in 2014 to £41 in 2015.
Overall, almostthree in five people say they try to limit their usage of paper — includingfacial tissue and kitchen roll — to save money. “Strength, softness andthickness remain the leading indicators of toilet paper quality, with just asmall proportion of consumers preferring more luxurious alternatives, such asthose with flower patterns or perfume,” said Mintel analyst Jack Duckett. [48]“These extra features are deemed unnecessary by themajority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products aretypically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer.”
[49]Whileconsumers are spending less on toilet paper, they remain fussy—in theory atleast —when it comes to paper quality. Top ofBritons’ toilet paper wish list is softness (57%) followed by strength (45%)and thickness (36%).
[50]Onein 10 buyers rank toilet rolls made from recycled paper among their topconsiderations, highlighting how overall the environment is much less of aconsideration for shoppers than product quality. In a challengefor manufacturers, 81% of paper product users said they would consider buyingrecycled toilet tissue if it were comparable in quality to standard paper.
46. The market sales of toilet paper havedecreased because .
A) Britons have cut their spendingon it
B) its prices have gone up over theyears
C) its quality has seen markedimprovement
D) Britons have developed the habitof saving
47. What does the author think ofthe future of the tissue paper market in the UK?
A) It will expand in time.
C) It will experience ups and downs.
B) It will remain gloomy.
D) It will recover as populationgrows.
48. What does Jack Duckett say about toilot paper?
A) Special offers would promote its sales.
B) Consumers are loyal to certain brands.
C) Luxurious features add much to the price.
D) Consumers have a variety to choose from.
49. What do we learn about Britons concerning toilet paper?
A) They are particular about the quality of toilet paper.
B) They emphasize the strength of toilet paper the most.
C) They prefer cheap toilet paper to recycled toilet paper.
D) They reject using toilet paper with unnecessary features.
50. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A) more and more Britons buy recycled toilet paper to protectthe environment.
B) Toilet paper manufactures are facing a great challenge inpromoting its sales.
C) Toilet paper manufacturers compete with one another toimprove product quality.
D) Environmental protection is not much of a concern whenBritons buy toilet paper.
a.在初始稳定状态,储蓄率应该是多少?[提示:使用稳定状态的关系式:sy=(δ+n+g)k]
b.在初始稳定状态,资本的边际产量是多少?
c.假设公共政策提高了储蓄率,从而使经济达到了资本的黄金律水平。在黄金律稳定状态,资本的边际产量将是多少?比较黄金稳定状态的边际产量和初始稳定状态的边际产量,并解释。
d.在黄金律稳定状态,资本—产出比率将是多少?(提示:对柯布—道格拉斯生产函数来说,资本—产出比率与资本的边际产量是相关的。)
e.要达到黄金律稳定状态,储蓄率必须是多少?
In the United States, the capital share of GDP is about 30 percent; the average growth in output is about 3 percent per year; the depreciation rate is about 4 percent per year; and the capital-output ratio is about 2.5. Suppose that the production function is Cobb-Douglas, So that the capital share in output is constant, and that the United States has been in a steady state.
a.What must the saving rate be in the initial steady state? [Hint: Use the steady-state relationship, sy=(δ+n+g)k]
b.What is the marginal product of capital in the initial steady state?
c.Suppose that public policy raises the saving rate So that the economy reaches the Golden Rule level of capital. What will the marginal product of capital be at the Golden Rule steady state? Compare the marginal product at the Golden Rule steady state to the marginal product in the initial steady state. Explain.
d.What will the capital-output ratio be at the Golden Rule steady state? (Hint: For the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital-output ratio is related to the marginal product of capital.)
e.What must the saving rate be to reach the Golden Rule steady state?